Vitamin D3-25(OH)D serum Levels and Mortality

In cross-sectional multivariate analyses, increasing age, female sex, nonwhite race, diabetes, current smoking, and higher body mass index were all independently associated with higher odds of 25(OH)D deficiency (lowest quartile at <17.8 ng/mL, while greater physical activity, vitamin D supplementation, and nonwinter season were inversely associated. Having a low 25(OH)D level was considered after numerous studies to be independently associated with all-cause mortality in the general population.